Our goal is to examine the rules of Virus Adaptation and evolution and to determine how the Genetic composition of a RNA Virus Population modulates Viral fitness, Adaptation and Pathogenesis. We will integrate experimental innovations and concepts into a platform that Measures Diversity andAdaptation and use these measurements to deepen and extend our understanding of how Viral Genetic Diversity and Population structure contribute to Adaptation andDisease. Our approach is to generate Virus populations with finely characterized Genetic Diversity profiles and Mutation compositions and link these measurements to fitness and evolution rates. To this end, we have developed novel and a highly accurate sequencing strategy to describe the Genetic structure of a Viral Population. This new approach allows us to detect rare mutational events with unprecedented accuracy. To determine fitness and evolution rates of the Viral Population we will employ standard tissue culture assays to characterize the phenotypes of the Individual populations under well-defined evolutionary paradigms. We will examine Virus Adaptation and fitness both in tissue culture and animal models of infection. We then will link the Mutation distribution of the initial Viral quasispecies to the experimental Measures of its fitness using established computer algorithms and mathematical models. The integration of rich deep-sequencing information corresponding to the composition of Virus populations as they evolve through various selective pressures, including in infected Animals, together with our capacity to manipulate the quasispecies structure of viruses, will open the door to abetter understanding of Virus evolutionary capacity; will better define the functional relationship between Population structure and Adaptation dynamics; and will identify specific mutations and interactions with the host that are adaptive and Lead to Disease.