Ivory Coast

Archived Projects: 25

Project
Investigator All Locations Start date End date
Aligning datasets for in-country decision making Hilary Spindler, MPH Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, Botswana, Namibia, Ivory Coast, India, Thailand, Russia, Ukraine, Antigua and Barbuda
CFAR International Scientist Training Awards / International AIDS Training Program Paul Volberding, MD Zimbabwe, Ivory Coast, India, Cambodia, Viet Nam, Thailand, Brazil, Peru
Clinical Care Response Team Introduction of Antiretroviral Therapy in Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation Sites Diane Havlir, MD Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Ivory Coast
Congenital Syphilis Elimination Cost-Effectiveness Analysis James Kahn, MD, MPH Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Gabon, Sao Tome and Principe, Sudan, Tunisia, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Benin, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, China, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Indonesia, Viet Nam, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Philippines, Jordan, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Belarus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Romania, United Kingdom, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Antigua and Barbuda, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago, Fiji, Kiribati, Papua New Guinea
Enabling Better Planned Transitions of Malaria Programming from Global Fund Financing to Domestic Financing Sara Fewer Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Kinshasa), Congo (Brazzaville), Equatorial Guinea, Benin, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Brunei, Cambodia, Myanmar, Honduras, Cuba, Haiti
Fogarty International AIDS Training Paul Volberding, MD Kenya, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Ivory Coast, India, Brazil, Peru
Global Health Sciences Clinical Scholars Program Immersion Experience Christopher Stewart, MD Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, South Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Kinshasa), Congo (Brazzaville), Gabon, Sao Tome and Principe, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, China, North Korea, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Indonesia, Viet Nam, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Philippines, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian Territory, Syria, Turkey, Yemen, Albania, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Ukraine, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela, Antigua and Barbuda, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, American Samoa, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu
I-TECH International AIDS Education and Training Center E. Michael Reyes, MD, MPH Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Uganda, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Ivory Coast, China, India, Viet Nam, Bahamas, Barbados, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
I-TECH UCSF International AETC E. Michael Reyes, MD, MPH Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Ivory Coast, China, India, Guyana, Bahamas, Barbados, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
Institute for Global Orthopedics and Traumatology (IGOT) Richard Coughlin, MD Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Seychelles, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Cameroon, Congo (Kinshasa), Congo (Brazzaville), Egypt, Morocco, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, China, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Viet Nam, Thailand, Philippines, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Brazil
International AIDS Education and Training Center E. Michael Reyes, MD, MPH Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Somalia, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Angola, Cameroon, Gabon, Egypt, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Benin, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Togo, Kyrgyzstan, China, Bangladesh, India, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Indonesia, Viet Nam, Laos, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Philippines, Georgia, Iraq, Lebanon, Yemen, Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Australia
International CAPS/Fogarty Visiting Scientists George Rutherford, MD Uganda, Zimbabwe, Ivory Coast, India, Cambodia, Viet Nam, Thailand, Brazil, Peru
International Training and Education Center for Health (I-TECH) E. Michael Reyes, MD, MPH Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Ivory Coast, China, India, Viet Nam, Guyana, Bahamas, Barbados, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
Interventions for Improving Retention in Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Programs (PO 200988865) George Rutherford, MD Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, South Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Kinshasa), Congo (Brazzaville), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Sao Tome and Principe, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, Western Sahara, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Viet Nam, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Philippines, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Yemen, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela, Haiti, Jamaica
Medicine as an Instrument of Justice Ari Johnson, MD Ivory Coast, Mali
Office of the UN Special Envoy for Tuberculosis Eric Goosby, MD Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, South Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Kinshasa), Congo (Brazzaville), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Sao Tome and Principe, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, Western Sahara, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, China, Hong Kong S.A.R., China, North Korea, South Korea, Macao S.A.R., China, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran, Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Viet Nam, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Philippines, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Georgia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestinian Territory, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Jersey, Kosovo, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela, Caribbean, Anguilla, Turks and Caicos Islands, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Bermuda, Canada, Greenland, U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Northern Mariana Islands, Australia, Cook Islands, Guam, French Polynesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu
Population-based HIV Impact Assessments in Resource-Constrained Settings under the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) George Rutherford, MD Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Angola, Cameroon, Congo (Kinshasa), Congo (Brazzaville), Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, China, India, Cambodia, Indonesia, Viet Nam, Laos, Thailand, Ukraine, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Suriname, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Papua New Guinea
PREDICT-2 Dean Jamison, PhD Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Cameroon, Congo (Kinshasa), Congo (Brazzaville), Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Bangladesh, India, Cambodia, Indonesia, Viet Nam, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand
Strategic Information Technical Assistance Consortium George Rutherford, MD Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Angola, Cameroon, Congo (Kinshasa), Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, China, India, Cambodia, Indonesia, Viet Nam, Laos, Thailand, Ukraine, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Guyana, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Papua New Guinea
Systematic reviews to support the Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Consolidated Guidelines - 2014/HTM/HIV/007 George Rutherford, MD Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Kinshasa), Congo (Brazzaville), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Sao Tome and Principe, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Western Africa, Benin, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, China, South Korea, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Indonesia, Viet Nam, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Philippines, Armenia, Georgia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia, Moldova, Slovenia, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela, Turks and Caicos Islands, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, American Samoa, Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, Fiji, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
The Contribution of Unsafe Blood Transfusion to HIV Transmission in Africa: A Literature Review Malika Morar, MS Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, South Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Kinshasa), Congo (Brazzaville), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Sao Tome and Principe, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, Western Sahara, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo
To carry out re-analysis of data from 5 studies on use Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplication (TB-Lamp) technology for rapid TB diagnostics, stratification of results and reporting Adithya Cattamanchi, MD Madagascar, Malawi, Uganda, South Africa, Ivory Coast, India, Viet Nam
UAB-UCSF Creative and Novel Ideas in HIV Research Paul Volberding, MD Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Ivory Coast, India, Cambodia, Viet Nam, Thailand, Brazil, Peru
University of California Global Health Institute Women's Health and Empowerment Center of Expertise Post-Doctoral Fellowship Program Craig Cohen, MD, MPH Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, South Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Kinshasa), Congo (Brazzaville), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Sao Tome and Principe, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, China, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Indonesia, Viet Nam, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Philippines, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian Territory, Syria, Turkey, Yemen, Albania, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Kosovo, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Ukraine, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela, Antigua and Barbuda, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, American Samoa, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu
WHO Adolescent HTC Review Update (PO# 200660799) George Rutherford, MD Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, South Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Kinshasa), Congo (Brazzaville), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Sao Tome and Principe, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, Western Sahara, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Western Africa, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, China, Hong Kong S.A.R., China, North Korea, Japan, Macao S.A.R., China, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Brunei, Indonesia, Viet Nam, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Philippines, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Georgia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestinian Territory, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Jersey, Kosovo, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela, Anguilla, Turks and Caicos Islands, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Bermuda, Canada, Greenland, U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Northern Mariana Islands, Australia, Cook Islands, Guam, French Polynesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu

Active Investigators: 1